ADuC7023BCBZ62I-R7 datasheet(41/96 Pages) AD

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Data Sheet

ADuC7023

| Page 41 of 96

EXECUTION TIME FROM SRAM AND FLASH/EE

Execution from SRAM

Fetching instructions from SRAM takes one clock cycle because

the access time of the SRAM is 2 ns, and a clock cycle is 22 ns

minimum. However, if the instruction involves reading or

writing data to memory, one extra cycle must be added if the

data is in SRAM (or three cycles if the data is in Flash/EE); one

cycle to execute the instruction and two cycles to obtain the

32-bit data from Flash/EE. A control flow instruction (a branch

instruction, for example) takes one cycle to fetch but also takes

two cycles to fill the pipeline with the new instructions.

Execution from Flash/EE

Because the Flash/EE width is 16 bits and the access time for

16-bit words is 22 ns, execution from Flash/EE cannot be

completed in one cycle (as can be done from SRAM when the

CD bit = 0). Also, some dead times are needed before accessing

data for any value of CD bits.

In ARM mode, where instructions are 32 bits, two cycles are

needed to fetch any instruction when CD = 0. In thumb mode,

where instructions are 16 bits, one cycle is needed to fetch any

instruction.

Timing is identical in both modes when executing instructions

that involve using the Flash/EE for data memory. If the instruction

to be executed is a control flow instruction, an extra cycle is

needed to decode the new address of the program counter, and

then four cycles are needed to fill the pipeline. A data processing

instruction involving only the core register does not require any

extra clock cycles. However, if it involves data in Flash/EE, an

extra clock cycle is needed to decode the address of the data,

and two cycles are needed to get the 32-bit data from Flash/EE.

An extra cycle must also be added before fetching another

instruction. Data transfer instructions are more complex and

are summarized in Table 35.

Table 35. Execution Cycles in ARM/Thumb Mode

Instructions

Fetch

Cycles

Dead

Time

Data Access

Dead

Time

LD1

2/1

LDH

2/1

LDM/PUSH

2/1

2 × N2

STR1

2/1

2 × 20 ns

STRH

2/1

20 ns

STRM/POP

2/1

2 × N × 20 ns1

The SWAP instruction combines an LD and STR instruction with only one

fetch, giving a total of eight cycles + 40 ns.

N is the number of data to load or store in the multiple load/store instruction

(1 < N ≤ 16).

RESET AND REMAP

The ARM exception vectors are all situated at the bottom of the

memory array, from Address 0x00000000 to Address 0x00000020

as shown in Figure 31.

KERNEL

INTERRUPT

SERVICE ROUTINES

INTERRUPT

SERVICE ROUTINES

ARM EXCEPTION

VECTOR ADDRESSES

0x00000020

0x00011FFF

0x0008FFFF

0xFFFFFFFF

FLASH/EE

SRAM

MIRROR SPACE

0x00000000

0x00010000

0x00080000

Figure 31. Remap for Exception Execution

By default, and after any reset, the Flash/EE is mirrored at the

bottom of the memory array. The remap function allows the

programmer to mirror the SRAM at the bottom of the memory

array, which facilitates execution of exception routines from

SRAM instead of from Flash/EE. This means exceptions are

executed twice as fast, being executed in 32-bit ARM mode with

32-bit wide SRAM instead of 16-bit wide Flash/EE memory.

Remap Operation

When a reset occurs on the ADuC7023, execution automatically

starts in factory programmed, internal configuration code. This

kernel is hidden and cannot be accessed by user code. If the part is

in normal mode (BM pin is high), it executes the power-on

configuration routine of the kernel and then jumps to the reset

vector address, 0x00000000, to execute the reset exception

routine of the user.

Because the Flash/EE is mirrored at the bottom of the memory

array at reset, the reset interrupt routine must always be written

in Flash/EE.

The remap is done from Flash/EE by setting Bit 0 of the Remap

Flash/EE above Address 0x00080020, and not from the bottom

of the array because this is replaced by the SRAM.

This operation is reversible. The Flash/EE can be remapped at

Address 0x00000000 by clearing Bit 0 of the Remap MMR.

Caution must again be taken to execute the remap function

from outside the mirrored area. Any type of reset remaps the

Flash/EE memory at the bottom of the array.

Rev. E

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