ATmega16 datasheet(211/357 Pages) ATMEL

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2466S–AVR–05/09

ATmega16(L)

ADC Input Channels

When changing channel selections, the user should observe the following guidelines to ensure

that the correct channel is selected:

In Single Conversion mode, always select the channel before starting the conversion. The chan-

nel selection may be changed one ADC clock cycle after writing one to ADSC. However, the

simplest method is to wait for the conversion to complete before changing the channel selection.

In Free Running mode, always select the channel before starting the first conversion. The chan-

nel selection may be changed one ADC clock cycle after writing one to ADSC. However, the

simplest method is to wait for the first conversion to complete, and then change the channel

selection. Since the next conversion has already started automatically, the next result will reflect

the previous channel selection. Subsequent conversions will reflect the new channel selection.

When switching to a differential gain channel, the first conversion result may have a poor accu-

racy due to the required settling time for the automatic offset cancellation circuitry. The user

should preferably disregard the first conversion result.

ADC Voltage

Reference

The reference voltage for the ADC (V

REF) indicates the conversion range for the ADC. Single

ended channels that exceed V

REF will result in codes close to 0x3FF. VREF can be selected as

either AVCC, internal 2.56V reference, or external AREF pin.

AVCC is connected to the ADC through a passive switch. The internal 2.56V reference is gener-

ated from the internal bandgap reference (V

BG) through an internal amplifier. In either case, the

external AREF pin is directly connected to the ADC, and the reference voltage can be made

more immune to noise by connecting a capacitor between the AREF pin and ground. V

REF can

also be measured at the AREF pin with a high impedant voltmeter. Note that V

REF is a high

impedant source, and only a capacitive load should be connected in a system.

If the user has a fixed voltage source connected to the AREF pin, the user may not use the other

reference voltage options in the application, as they will be shorted to the external voltage. If no

external voltage is applied to the AREF pin, the user may switch between AVCC and 2.56V as

reference selection. The first ADC conversion result after switching reference voltage source

may be inaccurate, and the user is advised to discard this result.

If differential channels are used, the selected reference should not be closer to AVCC than

indicated in Table 122 on page 297.

ADC Noise

Canceler

The ADC features a noise canceler that enables conversion during sleep mode to reduce noise

induced from the CPU core and other I/O peripherals. The noise canceler can be used with ADC

Noise Reduction and Idle mode. To make use of this feature, the following procedure should be

used:

Make sure that the ADC is enabled and is not busy converting. Single Conversion

Mode must be selected and the ADC conversion complete interrupt must be

enabled.

Enter ADC Noise Reduction mode (or Idle mode). The ADC will start a conversion

once the CPU has been halted.

If no other interrupts occur before the ADC conversion completes, the ADC interrupt

will wake up the CPU and execute the ADC Conversion Complete interrupt routine. If

another interrupt wakes up the CPU before the ADC conversion is complete, that

interrupt will be executed, and an ADC Conversion Complete interrupt request will be

generated when the ADC conversion completes. The CPU will remain in active mode

until a new sleep command is executed.

Note that the ADC will not be automatically turned off when entering other sleep modes than Idle

mode and ADC Noise Reduction mode. The user is advised to write zero to ADEN before enter-

ing such sleep modes to avoid excessive power consumption. If the ADC is enabled in such

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