ATmega16 datasheet(148/357 Pages) ATMEL

148 / 357 page

148

2466S–AVR–05/09

ATmega16(L)

Synchronous Clock

Operation

When Synchronous mode is used (UMSEL = 1), the XCK pin will be used as either clock input

(Slave) or clock output (Master). The dependency between the clock edges and data sampling

or data change is the same. The basic principle is that data input (on RxD) is sampled at the

opposite XCK clock edge of the edge the data output (TxD) is changed.

Figure 71. Synchronous Mode XCK Timing.

The UCPOL bit UCRSC selects which XCK clock edge is used for data sampling and which is

used for data change. As Figure 71 shows, when UCPOL is zero the data will be changed at ris-

ing XCK edge and sampled at falling XCK edge. If UCPOL is set, the data will be changed at

falling XCK edge and sampled at rising XCK edge.

Frame Formats

A serial frame is defined to be one character of data bits with synchronization bits (start and stop

bits), and optionally a parity bit for error checking. The USART accepts all 30 combinations of

the following as valid frame formats:

•

1 start bit

•

5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 data bits

•

no, even or odd parity bit

•

1 or 2 stop bits

A frame starts with the start bit followed by the least significant data bit. Then the next data bits,

up to a total of nine, are succeeding, ending with the most significant bit. If enabled, the parity bit

is inserted after the data bits, before the stop bits. When a complete frame is transmitted, it can

be directly followed by a new frame, or the communication line can be set to an idle (high) state.

Figure 72 illustrates the possible combinations of the frame formats. Bits inside brackets are

optional.

Figure 72. Frame Formats

Start bit, always low.

(n)

Data bits (0 to 8).

Parity bit. Can be odd or even.

Stop bit, always high.

RxD / TxD

XCK

RxD / TxD

XCK

UCPOL = 0

UCPOL = 1

Sample

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[P]

Sp1 [Sp2]

(St / IDLE)

(IDLE)

FRAME

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