ATmega16 datasheet(101/357 Pages) ATMEL

101 / 357 page

101

2466S–AVR–05/09

ATmega16(L)

Modes of

Operation

The mode of operation, i.e., the behavior of the Timer/Counter and the output compare pins, is

defined by the combination of the Waveform Generation mode (WGM13:0) and Compare Output

mode (COM1x1:0) bits. The Compare Output mode bits do not affect the counting sequence,

while the Waveform Generation mode bits do. The COM1x1:0 bits control whether the PWM out-

put generated should be inverted or not (inverted or non-inverted PWM). For non-PWM modes

the COM1x1:0 bits control whether the output should be set, cleared or toggle at a compare

match (See “Compare Match Output Unit” on page 100.)

For detailed timing information refer to “Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams” on page 108.

Normal Mode

The simplest mode of operation is the Normal mode (WGM13:0 = 0). In this mode the counting

direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The counter simply

overruns when it passes its maximum 16-bit value (MAX = 0xFFFF) and then restarts from the

BOTTOM (0x0000). In normal operation the Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV1) will be set in

the same timer clock cycle as the TCNT1 becomes zero. The TOV1 Flag in this case behaves

like a 17th bit, except that it is only set, not cleared. However, combined with the timer overflow

interrupt that automatically clears the TOV1 Flag, the timer resolution can be increased by soft-

ware. There are no special cases to consider in the Normal mode, a new counter value can be

written anytime.

The Input Capture unit is easy to use in Normal mode. However, observe that the maximum

interval between the external events must not exceed the resolution of the counter. If the interval

between events are too long, the timer overflow interrupt or the prescaler must be used to

extend the resolution for the capture unit.

The output compare units can be used to generate interrupts at some given time. Using the out-

put compare to generate waveforms in Normal mode is not recommended, since this will occupy

too much of the CPU time.

Clear Timer on

Compare Match (CTC)

Mode

In Clear Timer on Compare or CTC mode (WGM13:0 = 4 or 12), the OCR1A or ICR1 Register

are used to manipulate the counter resolution. In CTC mode the counter is cleared to zero when

the counter value (TCNT1) matches either the OCR1A (WGM13:0 = 4) or the ICR1 (WGM13:0 =

12). The OCR1A or ICR1 define the top value for the counter, hence also its resolution. This

mode allows greater control of the compare match output frequency. It also simplifies the opera-

tion of counting external events.

The timing diagram for the CTC mode is shown in Figure 45. The counter value (TCNT1)

increases until a compare match occurs with either OCR1A or ICR1, and then counter (TCNT1)

is cleared.

Figure 45. CTC Mode, Timing Diagram

TCNTn

OCnA

(Toggle)

OCnA Interrupt Flag Set

or ICFn Interrupt Flag Set

(Interrupt on TOP)

Period

(COMnA1:0 = 1)

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